研究生写作 摘要部分 AbstractPPT.ppt

Abstract Han FangDec. 23, 2013What is AbstractA statement summarizing the important points of a text.Short account of the contents of a paper.Abstract and SummarySummaryOne third or one fourth of the originalThe purpose to provide a restatement of the originalThe content main points of the originalAn independent partAbstractSix or eight linesThe purpose to introduce the paperThe contentAn independent partThe content of abstractAbstracts can be divided into descriptive abstracts and informative abstractsA descriptive abstract merely describes what the paper is about.An informative abstract introduces important information about the purpose, method, result /conclusion and recommendation.How to write an abstract摘要中应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容；切忌把应在引言中出现的内容写入摘要；一般也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论尤其是自我评价。不得简单重复题名中已有的信息。结构严谨，表达简明，语义确切。摘要先写什么，后写什么，要按逻辑顺序来安排。句子之间要上下连贯，互相呼应。摘要慎用长句，句型应力求简单。用第三人称。要使用规范化的名词术语，不用非公知公用的符号和术语。新术语或尚无合适汉文术语的，可用原文或译出后加括号注明原文。除了实在无法变通以外，一般不用数学公式和化学结构式，不出现插图、表格。不用引文，除非该文献证实或否定了他人已出版的著作。缩略语、略称、代号，除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外，在首次出现时必须加以说明。科技论文写作时应注意的其他事项，如采用法定计量单位、正确使用语言文字和标点符号等，也同样适用于摘要的编写。Useful expressionsThe aimor object, purpose of this paperor note is to prove show, present, develop, generalize, investigate…It is the purpose of this paper to proveshow, present, develop, generalize, investigate…This paper is concerned with…This paper deals with…In this paper we prove…In this paper we present…In this paper we propose to show…Useful expressionsThe problem…was first treated by…and later…improved by…. The purpose of this paper is to prove that it holds in a more general case.… first raised the problem which was later partly solved by … . We now solve this problem in the case of …The purpose of this paper is to generalize the results obtained by …to a more general case, i. e. , …In this paper we shall prove several theorems which are generalizations to the results given by …This paper intends to remove some unnecessary assumptions from the paper on…This paper deals with generalizations of the following problem…This paper improves the result of …on…by …samplesEnglish title题名的结构。英文题名以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语noun phrase最常见，即题名基本上由1个或几个名词加上其前置和或后置定语构成。短语型题名要确定好中心词，再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准。题名一般不应是陈述句。少数情况评述性、综述性和驳斥性下可以用疑问句做题名。题名的字数。题名不应过长。总的原则是，题名应确切、简练、醒目，在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下，题名词数越少越好。中英文题名的一致性。题名中的冠词。题名中的大小写。题名字母的大小写有以下3种格式。全部字母大写，每个词的首字母大写，但3个或4个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写，题名第1个词的首字母大写，其余字母均小写。题名中的缩略词语。已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语，才可用于题名中，否则不要轻易使用